Paternity is Redefined in Michigan

Paternity in Michigan has been completely redefined. The law in Michigan since 1956 has presumed that a child born in a marriage was the product of that marriage. This presumption existed even if the husband was not the biological father, and that fact could be proven.

As of June 12, 2012, pursuant to a new law signed in by the Governor of Michigan, paternity can now be established by the biological father even if the child was born in a marriage. This new law grants biological fathers rights over presumed fathers (men presumed to be the father because the child was born during the marriage.

However, very specific circumstances have to exist in order for paternity to be established, and there are extensive requirements in place with the new law. The primary circumstance that must exist is that paternity must be sought within 3 years of a child’s birth, or within 1 year of the entry of an Order of Filiation (paternity), whichever is later. This is merely one requirement, and the remaining requirements are too numerous to list here.

There is also a provision in the law allowing paternity actions under the new act even if the 3 year requirement isn’t met, provided they are filed within 1 year of enactment of the new law, again, under specific circumstances.

If you are interested in learning more, please call Wendy Alton at 734-665-4441 or email her at walton@psedlaw.com. More information about her firm, Pear Sperling Eggan & Daniels, P.C., can be found here: www.psedlaw.com.

New Durable Power of Attorney Requirements in Michigan

On May 23, 2012, the Governor of Michigan signed a new law pertaining to Durable Powers of Attorney. The new law, Public Act 141 of 2012, lists new requirements for Durable Powers of Attorney, which become effective for all Durable Powers of Attorney signed after September 30, 2012.

A Durable Power of Attorney is a legal document that designates an agent who can act on your behalf for all of your financial transactions. Most of the time, Durable Powers of Attorney are effective only upon someone’s disability.

The new law requires that two witnesses sign the Durable Power of Attorney, or that it is notarized, or both. Further, the Durable Power of Attorney is now not effective unless the designated agent signs an acceptance of designation that sets forth all of their duties. This is the most significant change in the law.

While the law is only prospective and has no legal effect on Durable Powers of Attorney signed before October 1, 2012, it is highly probable that the banks will begin to refuse to honor any Durable Powers of Attorney that do not comply with the new requirements. It is a good idea to have an attorney look at your Durable Power of Attorney or revise it to comply with the new law, thus eliminating any potential problem in the future.

If you are interested in learning more, please call Wendy Alton at 734-665-4441 or email her at walton@psedlaw.com. More information about her firm, Pear Sperling Eggan & Daniels, P.C., can be found here: www.psedlaw.com.
 

More on Spying on Spouses

I was recently interviewed by Carlton Purvis of Security Management Magazine, on different types of technology that spouses use to spy on each other--particularly in divorce settings.  Michigan has rather strict laws regarding such surveillance, and typically the surveillance doesn't matter as much to a divorce case as people generally think.

That being said, the article is available here:  Why Valentine's Day Surveillance May Not Be a Good Idea

For more information on the Leon Walker case, out of Oakland County, read my previous blogs:

Reading your Spouse's emails:  Snooping or Hacking?

Reading your Spouse's Email Could be a Crime



If you are interested in learning more, please call Wendy Alton at 734-665-4441 or email her at walton@psedlaw.com. More information about her firm, Pear Sperling Eggan & Daniels, P.C., can be found here: www.psedlaw.com.

Reading your Spouse's Email Could be a Crime

If you haven’t been following the Oakland County, Michigan criminal case against Leon Walker, now is the time to do it.

I previously blogged about the criminal charges pending against Leon Walker: Reading your spouse’s emails: snooping or hacking?  Leon Walker and his wife Clara Walker were living together, but going through a divorce. Leon Walker logged into Clara Walker’s Gmail account on her computer by guessing her password. While logged in, Leon Walker printed a number of emails between Clara Walker and a friend, and theses emails revealed that Clara Walker was having an affair with her second ex-husband. Leon Walker, her soon to be third ex-husband, printed these emails off and gave them to Clara Walker’s first ex-husband, who used the emails as a basis to file an emergency motion for custody of their child.

Leon Walker was charged with violating Michigan law MCL 752.795, which states that a person cannot “intentionally and without authorization” access a computer, computer program, computer network, or computer system, to “acquire, alter, damage, delete, or destroy property.” The same law prohibits spam and viruses. Despite the fact that they were married at the time he accessed her email, and despite the fact that the computer was purchased by him and her password was not always kept a secret, Prosecutor Jessica Cooper charged him with a felony that is normally reserved for serious hackers—and Leon Walker now faces a penalty of up to five years in prison.

Leon Walker appealed his charges to the Michigan Court of Appeals. On December 27, 2011, the Michigan Court of Appeals released its opinion, and upheld the charges against Leon Walker.

The Michigan Court of Appeals determined the following:

1. Leon Walker intentionally accessed the account by guessing her password, and his intention was also revealed by him printing emails and distributing them to a third party;
2. Leon Walker accessed the account without authorization because Clara Walker testified that she never shared her password with him, and he didn’t even use her computer;
3. By accessing Clara Walker’s Gmail account, Leon Walker did access a computer (Gmail email is stored on Gmail servers), did access a computer network (Gmail emails are sent to the user over the internet), did access a computer program (Gmail itself is a program), and did access a computer system (Gmail servers act as a computer system;
4. Leon Walker acquired the emails by viewing, printing and distributing them, which is essentially acquiring property of someone else.

The Michigan Court of Appeals ruled that the criminal charges against Leon Walker should stand, as his actions satisfy the elements of the criminal statute. The case is now sent back to Oakland County so that a trial date can be set. It is unknown if Leon Walker will appeal to the Michigan Supreme Court, and even if he does, even more unknown if the Michigan Supreme Court will hear the case.


What are the practical consequences of this case and this Michigan Court of Appeals ruling? Your email is absolutely private unless you share your password with someone else or authorize them to check your email. If you do not share your password or permit someone access, it is a crime for them to access your account without your permission. This is equally true for strangers as well as for spouses—there is no spousal exception.

If you are going through a divorce, it is best to leave your spouse’s email and facebook accounts alone. The Michigan Court of Appeals has made it very clear that unless permission is given, it is a crime. Oakland County has made it very clear that it will prosecute. It is likely that other counties will follow their lead.


Read the Michigan Court of Appeals case here: 

People v Leon Jermane Walker. 

 Read the news articles here:

“E-mail snooper loses appellate bid”

“Michigan man may face trial in computer hacking case"



If you are interested in learning more, please call Wendy Alton at 734-665-4441 or email her at walton@psedlaw.com. More information about her firm, Pear Sperling Eggan & Daniels, P.C., can be found here: www.psedlaw.com.

Is Annulment an Option?

So Kim Kardashian files for divorce, and her husband Kris Humphries files instead for an annulment, listing fraud as the grounds for his request. Does he have a chance at succeeding? What exactly is an annulment?

In Michigan, you can end your marriage by filing for one of three things: divorce, separate maintenance (legal separation), or annulment. An annulment is only granted if the marriage itself was void from the beginning or the marriage is voidable.

A void marriage in Michigan is a marriage that could not have taken place legally from the beginning. Legally speaking, this means that there was consanguinity, affinity, bigamy, minority, incapacity or incompetency. In simple, plain English, this means the following:

• Consanguinity: you married a blood relative prohibited by law.
• Affinity: you married a blood relative of your spouse prohibited by law.
• Bigamy: you married someone who was already married.
• Minority: you or your spouse is under the age of 16, or between 16 and 18 and you didn’t get a parent’s consent.
• Incapacity or Incompetency: you or your spouse has a mental illness or is mentally incompetent to the degree that you or your spouse cannot enter into a contract.

Marriages that are void as a matter of law (examples above) can be ended with an annulment.

Voidable marriages in Michigan mean marriages that can be voided for fraud, duress, sterility and impotence. Sterility and impotence must be incurable. In order to have your marriage annulled for these reasons, you must file for an annulment within two years of the marriage. Examples of fraud and duress are as follows:

• You marry someone to obtain a green card (for emigration purposes only).
• A person is induced to marry because they are told that a child is biologically theirs, and this turns out not to be true.
• You marry under the influence of drugs or alcohol. (meaning, really really drunk or high, and not your typical Vegas defense).
• You marry someone who is barren or sterile and they do not tell you.
• You marry because you are threatened. (duress)

The grounds for a voidable marriage must be proven with clear and convincing evidence in order to obtain an annulment.

There are, however, defenses to annulment. This is particularly so if the spouse finds out about any of the reasons above and still lives with the other person even after finding out. Cohabitation is a defense, and can overcome any request for an annulment based upon voidable grounds.

Whether or not Kris Humphries will succeed with an annulment remains to be seen. Fraud can be difficult to prove, and it is something he has to prove with clear and convincing evidence. Just the fact that the marriage was short-lived is not a basis in and of itself to seek an annulment. In any case, it should prove interesting to see if the annulment moves forward or if the court determines that there is no basis, and will only grant a divorce.

Read the USA Today article here: Kris Humphries files to annul on grounds of fraud.


If you are interested in learning more, please call Wendy Alton at 734-665-4441 or email her at walton@psedlaw.com. More information about her firm, Pear Sperling Eggan & Daniels, P.C., can be found here: www.psedlaw.com.

Should the State be Allowed to Place Obese Children in Foster Care?

In Michigan, the state has the power to remove children from their parents’ home if there has been abuse or neglect, and the child is unsafe. There are rigorous laws and regulations to be followed, but the ultimate goal is to protect the child.

An interesting definition of neglect was just used by the state of Ohio to remove an 8 year old from his home. A 3rd grade boy in Cleveland was removed from his parents’ home and placed in foster care for what the county termed “medical neglect.” However, what constituted “medical neglect” was actually obesity.

The 8 year old boy weighs more than 200 pounds. The county agency indicated that they had been working with the mother for the last 20 months in order to get his weight down. The mother’s failure to control his weight is what the county considered medical neglect, and the court agreed. The boy was removed from his mother’s home and placed in foster care.

While details of the weight struggle are missing from the news coverage, it does appear that the boy did not suffer from any significant medical conditions. He was diagnosed last year with sleep apnea, which is when the county became involved. Other than that, there appears to be no evidence of any other medical conditions. In Michigan, a child is not removed from their parents’ home unless there is evidence of neglect or abuse and the child is not safe. Is an obese child not safe if there are no other medical conditions?

With obesity being a nationwide problem, it raises some interesting questions.

Read the ABC News article here: Ohio puts 200-pound third-grader in foster care.


If you are interested in learning more, please call Wendy Alton at 734-665-4441 or email her at walton@psedlaw.com. More information about her firm, Pear Sperling Eggan & Daniels, P.C., can be found here: www.psedlaw.com.
 

Prenuptial Agreement is Protection for More than just a Business

Forbes published an article this week titled “Protecting Your Business In a Divorce: Pre-Nuptial Agreement.” It is an excellent article, and a reminder that prenuptial agreements are useful for protecting more than just a business.

Prenuptial agreements are agreements made between couples who are planning on getting married. Those agreements will state what happens with their money and property if they ever divorce or die. It can dictate how they will purchase things and how they will share debt. It can indicate whether or not spousal support or alimony will be awarded if they divorce.

Prenuptial agreements are very common when two people are bringing significant assets of their own into the marriage, or even significant debt. They are also common when people are marrying later in life and they have grown children they want to provide for if they were to pass away. They are common with people who are marrying for the second or third time, or for people who have businesses that they have started or have inherited through the family. They are far more common than they used to be.

Lesson: prenuptial agreements can be useful even when there are not business interests at stake.

Read the Forbes article here: Protecting Your Business in a Divorce: Pre-Nuptial Agreement.


If you are interested in learning more, please call Wendy Alton at 734-665-4441 or email her at walton@psedlaw.com. More information about her firm, Pear Sperling Eggan & Daniels, P.C., can be found here: www.psedlaw.com.